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Tag Archives: Augustus

The Roman Forum: The Sacred Road of Julius Caesar

28 June 202527 June 2025

+DSC_0438, Sacra Via, 2014

Strolling along the smooth, round stones of the Via Sacra, I am reminded that “all roads lead to Rome”. To imagine that I was standing at the epicenter of one of the world’s most fascinating civilizations, was hardly a moment I would soon forget.  The ancient ruins ahead were a myriad of fragments representing structures that had been constructed  over a span of centuries.  Other historical buildings remained intact, miraculously surviving the destruction of war and years of plunder.

During the height of its power, Roman streets would have been crowded like a modern day New York City.  Religious temples and political basilicas co-mingled together at the heart of Rome’s Republic.  Prominent partisan figures settled legal disputes and made daily decisions to keep order among its citizens.  While public orators stood on street podiums shouting over the crowds to provide news-worthy updates, the populace remained informed.

The Sacra Via was the most important road of central Rome during the height of its rule.   Over the years the Forum’s landscape would undergo several changes as the “sacred road” had to adapt to its reconstruction and restoration.  Roman rulers left their mark within the Forum removing monuments and temples only to replace them with their own.    

Our first introduction into Roman politics includes a stop at the Basilica of Constantine, also referred to as the Basilica Maxentius.  Not to be confused with a place of worship, this Basilica, with its three large arches was considered ancient Rome’s judicial system.  What remains is only about one-third of the size of the structure and another set of arches would have stood opposite along the Via Sacra.  The space in between was a large hall that would have been as long as a football field made of marble and full of statues, including a gargantuan statue of Constantine, sitting on his throne at the west end of the basilica.  The hand of Constantine shows the enormous size of the statue, which is on display in Rome’s Capitoline Museums.

Because the Romans believed that their gods played a major part in the ongoing success of Rome, temples were built to worship these deities to keep them happy.  Each god represented an important facet of everyday life.  For example, the god of Saturn provided oversight for wealth, agriculture, liberation and time.  The Romans also believed that the Emperors of Rome became gods once they had died and temples were erected in their honor as well, such as the Temple of Antoninus Pius and Faustina.  The price they must have paid to guarantee their immortality.

When the temple was first erected, the tall, 50-foot Corinthian columns would have supported a triangular pediment displaying a number of brightly colored statues.  An inscription on the lintel identifies Antoinus Pius and his wife, Faustina, “divo” and “divae”, representing the deification of the couple.  During the medieval times, the structure was pillaged as evidenced by the diagonal marks on the marble pillars.

Since the 12th century, the temple has been occupied by a church and the green door was once level with the street during the time of Michelangelo.  It wasn’t until the 1800s, when the  excavation of the site uncovered the long staircase which leads to the current Sacra Via.

DSC_0468 - Temple of Vesta

The most sacred location in all of ancient Rome was undoubtedly the Temple of Vesta. Only three short columns remain of the circular temple dedicated to the Roman family, where an eternal flame once stood.  This holy light was tended by a small group of priestesses known as the Vestal Virgins, who were responsible for keeping the torch lit at all times.   Should the light go out, the  virgin responsible for manning the flame would be flogged as punishment.

Nearby, located across from the Temple of Romulus, stands the remains of the Atrio delle Vestali (House of the Vestal Virgins).   Once a beautiful two-story building, the House of the Vestal Virgins accommodated a small group of elite young ladies who dedicated the prime of their lives to the service of Vesta, the goddess of the hearth and patron of the state.

Selected from the noble families of Rome before the age of ten, this revered organization of girls lived together for a period of thirty years, taking a vow of chastity.  If the Vestal Virgin completed her term of service, she was offered a large dowry and could finally marry.  However, if she did not adhere to the requirements of her role, she was buried alive.

DSC_0478 - Caligula's Palace

Each emperor expanded his residence and added more space to his royal palaces.  The Palaces of Caligula and Tiberius were initially built upon Palatine Hill, but over time, extended down the hill into the Roman Forum.   Although very little remains of the Palace, the underground passageway still exists.  Connecting the palace to the Clivus Paltinus Road and the Casa di Livia, this corridor may have well been the location where Caligula was stabbed to death in 41AD.

Our tour guide identified the various points of interest within the Forum to include several temples.  All that remains of the prestigious Temple of Castor and Pollux are the three marble, Corinthian columns. Built in the fifth century BC, it is the oldest structure and most photographed site in the Forum.  The Romans believed that Castor and Pollux, the sons of Jupiter appeared to water their horses at the Sacred Springs of Juturna and therefore a temple was built in their honor.

At the height of Rome’s power, the city exceeded one million residents.  Living in tiny apartments or nearby tents, the area was busy, crowded and dangerous.  In addition to crime, fires would break out, destroying the residential structures built mainly of wood.

DSC_0481 - remains on the altar of Julius Caesar's Temple

One of the most popular locations, identified with flowers and cards is the Temple of Julius Caesar (Ara di Cesare).   A modest structure with a metal roof marks the spot where Julius Caesar’s body was cremated after his assassination.  The temple represents the deification of one of Rome’s most successful Emperors, making Caesar the first Roman leader to become a god.

+DSC_0482 - Basilica Aemilia - entrance arch

Compared to the simple memorial for Julius Caesar, the Basilica Aemilia was anything but ordinary.  Built in the 2nd century BC, this meeting hall served as Rome’s local courts to settle a variety of civil disputes and civic matters and handled the enforcement of legal agreements.  As a litigious city, it was no doubt the basilica required so much space.

Within close proximity to the Basilica Aemilia was the Curia (Senate House), a political meeting space where the elected Senators of Rome determined the laws of the land.  First designed in the 7th century BC, the Curia was the center of government when Rome became a Republic.  The Senate’s President sat at one end while three tiers of wooden seats provided circular seating across from him where they conducted debates.  The Comitium, located in front of the Curia is where the Popular Assembly met.

While Julius Caesar was murdered in the Senate House, it was not at this location.  At the time of his death, a temporary meeting place had been established across town.

During Caesar’s funeral, it was Mark Antony who gave the eulogy on the elevated podium known as the Rostrum.  Built for public announcements, the 10 foot high, 80 foot long platform was a place for citizens to exercise their freedom of speech, while political officials would publicly voice their opinions on a number of partisan issues.

DSC_0512, Arch of Septimus Serverus, mm

Although the Arch of Septimus Severus is within view of the Rostrum, the structure was not completed until 203 AD, long after Julius Caesar had passed.  The triple arch, standing six stories high, represented Severus’ conquest over the Parthians (modern Iran). I have always been fascinated with the arches of the Forum and the propaganda displayed through a series of reliefs and roundels.  Etched into the marble, travertine and brick, the Emperors would document their victories forever in stone. DSC_0510 - Temple of Saturn

While the Romans loved to build temples in honor of their rulers, the sanctuaries to their gods were just as important to them.  They believed that their prosperity and good fortune depended on the happiness of their gods, so they built many shrines to appease them.   Many of the structures also served a dual purpose, such as the Temple of Saturn , first built in 495 BC which housed the Aerarium, the state treasury.  The wealth and riches from Rome’s conquests would have been stored in the pedestal of the statue of Saturn. Eight Ionic columns and a section of the frieze remains of the entrance to the temple, which was the most honorable shrine in the Forum.

The last monument erected in the forum is a lonely Corinthian column to the left of the Temple of Vespasian and Titus, the Column of Phocas.  While the western empire ended in September of AD 476, Phocas became the Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople until he was overthrown in AD 610.  By the time the memorial was dedicated to Emperor Phocas in AD 608, the city of Rome was in decline and would eventually come to an end.

So, while our tour did not last as long as the Roman Empire, it too came to an end and we were offered the opportunity to roam the ruins for an additional thirty minutes.  Before making our way towards the exit, our guide pointed out a set of brick ruins next to the Arch of Septimius Severus identified as the Umbilicus Urbis.  She noted that it was the oldest set of ruins within the Forum and was considered to be the “center of the world”.  It was from this point, that all distances from within the Roman Empire were measured.  While Rome was once the most powerful epicenter of civilization, it was quickly abandoned in the 7th century AD,  It would take over 1,000 years  for this ancient metropolis to be rediscovered and later still to become one of Rome’s most visited historical attractions.

What were your thoughts as you explored the Roman Forum?  Do you have another ancient civilization that has inspired you?  I would love to hear about your adventures if you would kindly leave a comment below.  Many thanks for reading about my visits to the Roman Forum and wishing you many Happy Travels.

What to See and What to Do: 

Roman Forum
Via della Salara Vecchia, 5/6
00186 Roma RM, Italy
Telephone; +39 06 0608

  • Admission Fee:  12 Euros per adult, children under the age of 17 are free;  The Admission Fee includes entrance into the Palatine Hill and the Colosseum.
  • Bus/Train Information:  Buses 40, 44, 84, 780 and 810;  Metro Station – Colosseo, line B- (blue)
  • Hours:  Open daily from 8:30AM to 3:30PM (closed January 1st and December 25th)  The ticket counter closes one hour before closing time.  Confirm with the Roman Forum’s website:  https://turisimoroma.it/cosa-fare/fori
  • Amenities:  audio headsets, tour guides (additional charge)
  • Audio Guides and Guided Tours:  Audio guides are available for a nominal fee.
  • Length of the Tour:  2 – 3 hours total
  • Tips for Your Visit:  Your ticket to the Roman Forum includes The Colosseum and Palatine Hill.  For security reasons, it is strictly forbidden to enter the attraction with backpacks, camping equipment, bulky bags, luggage or trolley.  Medium and small-sized backpacks are permitted, but may be screened by metal detectors.  Bags may also be opened and visually inspected by security.  Wear comfortable shoes and bring your water bottle to refill at the drinking fountains.

Where to Stay:

Hotel Forum Roma
Via Tor de’ Conti, 25, 00184
Rome, Italy
Telephone:  +39 06 67 92 446

We lucked out finding this gem of a hotel in the midst of ancient Rome.  Make sure to stop by the Roof Garden Restaurant for spectacular views.

Where to Eat:

Iari the Vino
Via del Colosseo, 5
Rome, Italy
Telephone:  +39 06 6919 1069

I have to give Peter credit for finding this fabulous spot for lunch.  I thoroughly enjoyed the Calamari salad and he ordered the lasagna. Deliciouso!

Trattoria Da Enzo
Via dei Vascellari, 29,
00153, Roma, RM, Italy
Telephone:  +39 06 581 2260

This restaurant is outstanding for its artichokes, carbonara dishes and Cacio e Pepe

What to Eat: 

  • Artichokes:  steamed or fried
  • Cacio e Pepe:  Cacio is a type of cheese from Rome’s countryside made from sheep’s milk.  The dish is served over pasta and seasoned by black pepper.
  • Carbonara: creamy white pasta served with pancetta and noodles
  • Gelato:  You have not had gelato until you have had it in Rome!
  • Maritozzi is a popular breakfast pastry with chocolate chips served with espresso.  Some maritozzi are filled with cream as well.
  • Pecorino Romano cheese
  • Pizza al Taglio is Rome’s answer to pizza with red sauce, meats, vegetables and cheeses.   I also love the Italian margarita pizza with red sauce, mozzarella cheese and topped with basil.
  • Porcetta:  Pork wrapped around herbs and roasted on a spit
  • Saltimbocca is a dish made with veal and sage wrapped in prosciutto, cooked in white wine and butter.
  • Suppli is considered an Italian snack made of rice and meat with tomato sauce and filled with mozzarella cheese and then deep-fried.  It reminds me of arancini in the US.

Where to Drink:

Il Goccetto (for wine)
Via dei Banchi Vecchi, 14
00186, Roma RM, Italy
Telephone:  +39 06 9944 8583

Terrazza Borromini
Via di Santa Maria dell’Anima, 30A
00186 Roma RM, Italy
Telephone:  +39 06 6821 5459

While the drinks are pricey, it will be worth the cost for the fabulous views.

What to Read:

  • Imperium, by Robert Harris
  • Roma, by Steven Saylor
  • SPQR, by Mary Beard
  • The Twelve Caesars, by Robert Grave

Photo Guide for Rome:

  • Campo de’ Fiori for photos of the market
  • The Colosseum
  • Monti for upscale boutiques, restaurants and vintage stores
  • The Pincio Terrace overlooking Piazza del Popolo in northern Rome
  • The top of St. Peter’s Basilica
  • Trastevere neighborhood for scenic alleyways, artisan workshops, the piazza at sunset, and tiny boutiques.  Find the corner of Vicolo delle Torro off of Via della Lungaretta for photo-worthy pics.
  • Trevi Fountain
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Bath, England: Ancient Rome’s Influence on the United Kingdom

14 January 20253 May 2025

Bath, England, was once an artists’ paradise where the likes of Jane Austen, the famous writer, made frequent visits as a child.  Today, visitors from all over the world are drawn to the historical Roman baths, the beautiful Bath Abbey and the quaint pedestrian square lined with British restaurants and souvenir shops.

On our way to Bath, the countryside was dotted with farms and charming villages as well as picturesque cottages and lovingly tended gardens. Corner pubs seemed to have been plucked from a popular London crossroad and relocated to this rural scene.

The purpose of my trip to Bath was to explore the Roman Baths, the site of Aquae Sulis and the surrounding courtyard, that were built here in the 1st century AD. Rome’s empire spanned as far as England at the height of its success and this therapeutic pool of water is what remains of Rome’s influence on this area.   

Our big red bus dropped us off in the heart of Bath so we followed the crowds making their way to the Roman baths and took in the extraordinary charm of the town.  The cobblestone roads and Georgian architecture reminded me of Jane Austen’s book about Bath’s high society in Northanger Abbey and her novel, Persuasion.

The sky had been threatening to rain all morning, but seemed to have held off for now. Our wait in line extended out the doors and around the corner near Bath Abbey and somehow I managed to bring up the end.

While standing in line, I noticed the square was surrounded by four story buildings with shops, restaurants and bakeries on the ground floor open for business.  The Roman Baths Kitchen, Jack’s of Bath, tourist center to exchange money, the Cornish Bakery, the Edinburgh Woolen Mill, Hawkin’s Bazaar were well lit and provided a respite from the drizzling rain.

Bath Abbey stands behind me in the Abbey Church Yard in the heart of the city.  The dark, carved wooden arched doors, gorgeous stained glass windows and yellow-hued Bath stone are highlights of the Gothic façade, while its crown jewel are the stone angels climbing up Jacob’s Ladder towards heaven.    The church is dedicated to Saint Peter and Saint Paul and was formerly a Benedictine monastery founded in the 7th century.

Our entry into the Roman Baths provided us access to the upper and lower levels of the museum.  Following along the top floor of the complex, statues of Roman emperors and British governors lined up at intervals along the terrace overlooking the Great Bath.  From this point of view, I clearly noticed the green water of the bath below and wondered if it was warm, as steam seemed to have been coming off of the pool.  A doorway led into a dark room where well lit exhibits provided a timeline and explained how Rome transformed the Sacred Spring of Bath into England’s first spa.

The Sacred Spring not only fed into the baths, but was a collection pool for curses and offerings to the gods and goddesses.   Metallic inscriptions on lead or pewter contained curses where locals would write the names of the suspects and blaspheme them for their wrongdoing, many times for theft or perjury. Offerings to the goddess included jewelry, personal belongings or even coins.  Some of the currency dated back to the Republic when Augustus was Caesar of Rome.

The lower level leads to the Great Bath yet the complex extends beneath the square and streets of town.  The water’s natural temperature is a steady 46 degrees Celsius.  The pool’s depth is just over five feet and stairs lead down on each side.  Tables and benches may have lined the sides of the pool where visitors could enjoy drinks and snacks.

Large pipes of water extended from the Great Bath on the east and west sides creating additional spa features to the complex.  The baths were constructed where the patrons would begin with the hottest bath to the coldest.  The hot plunge bath, known as the Caldarium, was heated by a system under the floor called the hypocaust. They were constructed of stacks of pilae (tiles) that allowed the heated air to circulate throughout the floors and surrounding walls.  The Laconicum, similar to today’s sauna, was a small room with intense heat designed to induce sweating.

The final bathing experience was the cold bath which helped close the pores of the skin.  The water would have come from outside of the baths, most likely a nearby cold water spring.  The two columns were added in 1904 as additional support when electric trams were installed.

Adjacent to the Roman Baths was the Temple of Sulis Minerva, honoring the native Celtic goddess of the spa, who carried out the curses provided to her in the Sacred Spring. The temple, built in the classical style, had four large Corinthian columns that supported both the Temple Pediment and beautifully decorated frieze.   The Temple Pediment, discovered in 1790, is one of the most fascinating relics of the temple.  The detail in this piece of artwork is thought to have come from the area of Gaul in the first century AD.

An inscription that was found in the Temple of Minerva is dedicated to the goddess Sulis Minerva and may have been the podium that supported her statue.  Identified as the Haruspex stone, it was committed to the temple by a Haruspex priest L. Marcius Memor, who had the power to provide consulting services and made important decisions for the temple.

Several tombstones and relics on display represent the kinds of people who lived and died near the Roman bath.  Many came to Bath, from Europe, leaving their homes to find work here.   One stone inscription was identified as the gravestone of Rusonia Aventina who passed away at the age of 58.  She came to Bath from Metz, France.

Another fascinating find was the altar where the priests conducted animal sacrifices.  Several altar stones and inscriptions were found at the Temple of Sulis Minerva.  Discovered in 1965, two of the cornerstones remained in their original positions.  The pedestal carvings depicted the Roman gods, such as  Bacchus and Jupiter and were thought to have been painted.

The bronze head of Sulis Minerva is one of the rarest objects from Roman Britain as there were only two other fragments of its kind.  Discovered in 1727, it is said that it was most likely from the statue of Sulis Minerva that stood in the temple.  Dating back to the first century, there are several layers of bronze gilding applied at various stages over time.

Shortly after the discovery of the first century Roman Baths, John Woods and his son revived the town of Bath into a spa resort once again in the 18th century.  They added to the landscape by building The Royal Crescent’s thirty townhomes were decorated with beautiful Ionic columns and Palladian molding.  Today it is a museum and houses the Royal Crescent Hotel.

The charm of this town is in its Gregorian architecture and the pedestrian square and it is just as I had imagined it would be, thanks to the writings of Jane Austen.

Have you had the opportunity to visit the charming English town of Bath? I would love to hear about your experience if you would kindly leave a message in the comments section below.  Many thanks for reading about my excursion to Bath from London and wishing you many Happy Travels!

What to See and What to Do:

The Roman Baths, Bath
Abbey Church Yard
Bath, BA1 1LZ
United Kingdom
Telephone:  +44 1225 477785

  • Admission Fee:  £16.50 for adults (18 – 59); £10.25 for children ages 6 -16; children five and under are free; Seniors (65+)  are £14.50
  • Hours:  January to February: Open from 9:30AM to 5PM; March 1 – April 18:  Open from 9AM to 5PM; April 19 – April 22: Open from 9AM to 7PM; April 23 – June 20: Open from 9AM to 5PM; June 21 – August 31: Open from 9AM to 9PM; Open September – October: 9AM to 5PM; November to December: Open 9:30AM to 5PM
  • Amenities:  local guides, museum, restrooms, audioguides, WiFi throughout the site
  • Scenic View:  Upstairs there are stunning views of the baths below.
  • Length of Visit:  2 hours
  • Tips for Your Visit:  Wear comfortable shoes for walking.  No re-entry is provided. Photographs are permitted. There is no bathing at the baths.

Where to Stay:

The Royal Crescent Hotel & Spa
16 Royal Crescent
Bath, BA1 2LS
United Kingdom
Telephone:  +44 1225 823333

Where to Eat:

Sotto Sotto
10 North Parade
Bath, BA2 4AL
United Kingdom
Telephone: +44 1225 330236

What to Eat: 

  • Fish and Chips – fried fish and French fries
  • Sunday Roast with Yorkshire Pudding – usually eaten from noon to five on Sundays
  • Full English Breakfast – includes eggs, sausages, potatoes, mushrooms, blood pudding, tomatoes and toast
  • Pie and Mash – typically a simple steak and kidney pie or pork pies, this is a classic British comfort food served with mashed potatoes and gravy
  • Bangers and Mash – which is sausage served with mashed potatoes and gravy
  • Cockles – a small type of clam
  • Eton Mess – a dessert made of merengue, cream and strawberries
  • Sticky Toffee Pudding – a moist sponge cake baked with dates or raisins and smothered in toffee sauce served with custard or ice cream
  • Afternoon tea – with teacakes, scones, jam and clotted cream as well as champagne and tea
  • Beef Wellington – filet steak covered with pate and wrapped in puff pastry

What to Read:

  • Northanger Abbey, by Jane Austen
  • Bath Tangle, by Georgette Heyer
  • Persuasion, by Jane Austen

Photo Guide to Bath:

  • The Roman Baths
  • The Town of Bath

The Roman Baths of Bath, England

Funerary Statue at Bath, EnglandAncient Coins found in the Roman Baths of Bath, England

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I have had a passion to travel for as long as I can remember and landed my dream job at the age of 19 on a cruise ship. The Suite Life of Travel is about those experiences as well as my future endeavor to explore this amazing world!

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