The Roman Forum: The Sacred Road of Julius Caesar

28 June 202527 June 2025

Strolling along the smooth, round stones of the Via Sacra, I am reminded that “all roads lead to Rome”. To imagine that I was standing at the epicenter of one of the world’s most fascinating civilizations, was hardly a moment I would soon forget. The ancient ruins ahead were a myriad of fragments representing structures that had been constructed over a span of centuries. Other historical buildings remained intact, miraculously surviving the destruction of war and years of plunder.

During the height of its power, Roman streets would have been crowded like a modern day New York City. Religious temples and political basilicas co-mingled together at the heart of Rome’s Republic. Prominent partisan figures settled legal disputes and made daily decisions to keep order among its citizens. While public orators stood on street podiums shouting over the crowds to provide news-worthy updates, the populace remained informed.

The Sacra Via was the most important road of central Rome during the height of its rule. Over the years the Forum’s landscape would undergo several changes as the “sacred road” had to adapt to its reconstruction and restoration. Roman rulers left their mark within the Forum removing monuments and temples only to replace them with their own.

Our first introduction into Roman politics includes a stop at the Basilica of Constantine, also referred to as the Basilica Maxentius. Not to be confused with a place of worship, this Basilica, with its three large arches was considered ancient Rome’s judicial system. What remains is only about one-third of the size of the structure and another set of arches would have stood opposite along the Via Sacra. The space in between was a large hall that would have been as long as a football field made of marble and full of statues, including a gargantuan statue of Constantine, sitting on his throne at the west end of the basilica. The hand of Constantine shows the enormous size of the statue, which is on display in Rome’s Capitoline Museums.

Because the Romans believed that their gods played a major part in the ongoing success of Rome, temples were built to worship these deities to keep them happy. Each god represented an important facet of everyday life. For example, the god of Saturn provided oversight for wealth, agriculture, liberation and time. The Romans also believed that the Emperors of Rome became gods once they had died and temples were erected in their honor as well, such as the Temple of Antoninus Pius and Faustina. The price they must have paid to guarantee their immortality.

When the temple was first erected, the tall, 50-foot Corinthian columns would have supported a triangular pediment displaying a number of brightly colored statues. An inscription on the lintel identifies Antoinus Pius and his wife, Faustina, “divo” and “divae”, representing the deification of the couple. During the medieval times, the structure was pillaged as evidenced by the diagonal marks on the marble pillars.

Since the 12^th century, the temple has been occupied by a church and the green door was once level with the street during the time of Michelangelo. It wasn’t until the 1800s, when the excavation of the site uncovered the long staircase which leads to the current Sacra Via.

The most sacred location in all of ancient Rome was undoubtedly the Temple of Vesta. Only three short columns remain of the circular temple dedicated to the Roman family, where an eternal flame once stood. This holy light was tended by a small group of priestesses known as the Vestal Virgins, who were responsible for keeping the torch lit at all times. Should the light go out, the virgin responsible for manning the flame would be flogged as punishment.

Nearby, located across from the Temple of Romulus, stands the remains of the Atrio delle Vestali (House of the Vestal Virgins). Once a beautiful two-story building, the House of the Vestal Virgins accommodated a small group of elite young ladies who dedicated the prime of their lives to the service of Vesta, the goddess of the hearth and patron of the state.

Selected from the noble families of Rome before the age of ten, this revered organization of girls lived together for a period of thirty years, taking a vow of chastity. If the Vestal Virgin completed her term of service, she was offered a large dowry and could finally marry. However, if she did not adhere to the requirements of her role, she was buried alive.

Each emperor expanded his residence and added more space to his royal palaces. The Palaces of Caligula and Tiberius were initially built upon Palatine Hill, but over time, extended down the hill into the Roman Forum. Although very little remains of the Palace, the underground passageway still exists. Connecting the palace to the Clivus Paltinus Road and the Casa di Livia, this corridor may have well been the location where Caligula was stabbed to death in 41AD.

Our tour guide identified the various points of interest within the Forum to include several temples. All that remains of the prestigious Temple of Castor and Pollux are the three marble, Corinthian columns. Built in the fifth century BC, it is the oldest structure and most photographed site in the Forum. The Romans believed that Castor and Pollux, the sons of Jupiter appeared to water their horses at the Sacred Springs of Juturna and therefore a temple was built in their honor.

At the height of Rome’s power, the city exceeded one million residents. Living in tiny apartments or nearby tents, the area was busy, crowded and dangerous. In addition to crime, fires would break out, destroying the residential structures built mainly of wood.

One of the most popular locations, identified with flowers and cards is the Temple of Julius Caesar (Ara di Cesare). A modest structure with a metal roof marks the spot where Julius Caesar’s body was cremated after his assassination. The temple represents the deification of one of Rome’s most successful Emperors, making Caesar the first Roman leader to become a god.

Compared to the simple memorial for Julius Caesar, the Basilica Aemilia was anything but ordinary. Built in the 2^nd century BC, this meeting hall served as Rome’s local courts to settle a variety of civil disputes and civic matters and handled the enforcement of legal agreements. As a litigious city, it was no doubt the basilica required so much space.

Within close proximity to the Basilica Aemilia was the Curia (Senate House), a political meeting space where the elected Senators of Rome determined the laws of the land. First designed in the 7^th century BC, the Curia was the center of government when Rome became a Republic. The Senate’s President sat at one end while three tiers of wooden seats provided circular seating across from him where they conducted debates. The Comitium, located in front of the Curia is where the Popular Assembly met.

While Julius Caesar was murdered in the Senate House, it was not at this location. At the time of his death, a temporary meeting place had been established across town.

During Caesar’s funeral, it was Mark Antony who gave the eulogy on the elevated podium known as the Rostrum. Built for public announcements, the 10 foot high, 80 foot long platform was a place for citizens to exercise their freedom of speech, while political officials would publicly voice their opinions on a number of partisan issues.

Although the Arch of Septimus Severus is within view of the Rostrum, the structure was not completed until 203 AD, long after Julius Caesar had passed. The triple arch, standing six stories high, represented Severus’ conquest over the Parthians (modern Iran). I have always been fascinated with the arches of the Forum and the propaganda displayed through a series of reliefs and roundels. Etched into the marble, travertine and brick, the Emperors would document their victories forever in stone.

While the Romans loved to build temples in honor of their rulers, the sanctuaries to their gods were just as important to them. They believed that their prosperity and good fortune depended on the happiness of their gods, so they built many shrines to appease them. Many of the structures also served a dual purpose, such as the Temple of Saturn , first built in 495 BC which housed the Aerarium, the state treasury. The wealth and riches from Rome’s conquests would have been stored in the pedestal of the statue of Saturn. Eight Ionic columns and a section of the frieze remains of the entrance to the temple, which was the most honorable shrine in the Forum.

The last monument erected in the forum is a lonely Corinthian column to the left of the Temple of Vespasian and Titus, the Column of Phocas. While the western empire ended in September of AD 476, Phocas became the Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople until he was overthrown in AD 610. By the time the memorial was dedicated to Emperor Phocas in AD 608, the city of Rome was in decline and would eventually come to an end.

So, while our tour did not last as long as the Roman Empire, it too came to an end and we were offered the opportunity to roam the ruins for an additional thirty minutes. Before making our way towards the exit, our guide pointed out a set of brick ruins next to the Arch of Septimius Severus identified as the Umbilicus Urbis. She noted that it was the oldest set of ruins within the Forum and was considered to be the “center of the world”. It was from this point, that all distances from within the Roman Empire were measured. While Rome was once the most powerful epicenter of civilization, it was quickly abandoned in the 7^th century AD, It would take over 1,000 years for this ancient metropolis to be rediscovered and later still to become one of Rome’s most visited historical attractions.

What were your thoughts as you explored the Roman Forum? Do you have another ancient civilization that has inspired you? I would love to hear about your adventures if you would kindly leave a comment below. Many thanks for reading about my visits to the Roman Forum and wishing you many Happy Travels.

What to See and What to Do:

Roman Forum
Via della Salara Vecchia, 5/6
00186 Roma RM, Italy
Telephone; +39 06 0608

Admission Fee: 12 Euros per adult, children under the age of 17 are free; The Admission Fee includes entrance into the Palatine Hill and the Colosseum.
Bus/Train Information: Buses 40, 44, 84, 780 and 810; Metro Station – Colosseo, line B- (blue)
Hours: Open daily from 8:30AM to 3:30PM (closed January 1^st and December 25^th) The ticket counter closes one hour before closing time. Confirm with the Roman Forum’s website: https://turisimoroma.it/cosa-fare/fori
Amenities: audio headsets, tour guides (additional charge)
Audio Guides and Guided Tours: Audio guides are available for a nominal fee.
Length of the Tour: 2 – 3 hours total
Tips for Your Visit: Your ticket to the Roman Forum includes The Colosseum and Palatine Hill. For security reasons, it is strictly forbidden to enter the attraction with backpacks, camping equipment, bulky bags, luggage or trolley. Medium and small-sized backpacks are permitted, but may be screened by metal detectors. Bags may also be opened and visually inspected by security. Wear comfortable shoes and bring your water bottle to refill at the drinking fountains.

Where to Stay:

Hotel Forum Roma
Via Tor de’ Conti, 25, 00184
Rome, Italy
Telephone: +39 06 67 92 446

We lucked out finding this gem of a hotel in the midst of ancient Rome. Make sure to stop by the Roof Garden Restaurant for spectacular views.

Where to Eat:

Iari the Vino
Via del Colosseo, 5
Rome, Italy
Telephone: +39 06 6919 1069

I have to give Peter credit for finding this fabulous spot for lunch. I thoroughly enjoyed the Calamari salad and he ordered the lasagna. Deliciouso!

Trattoria Da Enzo
Via dei Vascellari, 29,
00153, Roma, RM, Italy
Telephone: +39 06 581 2260

This restaurant is outstanding for its artichokes, carbonara dishes and Cacio e Pepe

What to Eat:

Artichokes: steamed or fried
Cacio e Pepe: Cacio is a type of cheese from Rome’s countryside made from sheep’s milk. The dish is served over pasta and seasoned by black pepper.
Carbonara: creamy white pasta served with pancetta and noodles
Gelato: You have not had gelato until you have had it in Rome!
Maritozzi is a popular breakfast pastry with chocolate chips served with espresso. Some maritozzi are filled with cream as well.
Pecorino Romano cheese
Pizza al Taglio is Rome’s answer to pizza with red sauce, meats, vegetables and cheeses. I also love the Italian margarita pizza with red sauce, mozzarella cheese and topped with basil.
Porcetta: Pork wrapped around herbs and roasted on a spit
Saltimbocca is a dish made with veal and sage wrapped in prosciutto, cooked in white wine and butter.
Suppli is considered an Italian snack made of rice and meat with tomato sauce and filled with mozzarella cheese and then deep-fried. It reminds me of arancini in the US.

Where to Drink:

Il Goccetto (for wine)
Via dei Banchi Vecchi, 14
00186, Roma RM, Italy
Telephone: +39 06 9944 8583

Terrazza Borromini
Via di Santa Maria dell’Anima, 30A
00186 Roma RM, Italy
Telephone: +39 06 6821 5459

While the drinks are pricey, it will be worth the cost for the fabulous views.

What to Read:

Imperium, by Robert Harris
Roma, by Steven Saylor
SPQR, by Mary Beard
The Twelve Caesars, by Robert Grave

Photo Guide for Rome:

Campo de’ Fiori for photos of the market
The Colosseum
Monti for upscale boutiques, restaurants and vintage stores
The Pincio Terrace overlooking Piazza del Popolo in northern Rome
The top of St. Peter’s Basilica
Trastevere neighborhood for scenic alleyways, artisan workshops, the piazza at sunset, and tiny boutiques. Find the corner of Vicolo delle Torro off of Via della Lungaretta for photo-worthy pics.
Trevi Fountain

Chateau Laroche, A Labor of Passion

27 February 20233 May 2025

My fairytale adventure began at the entrance of Chateau Laroche in Loveland, Ohio. Locally known as Loveland Castle, this medieval mansion was an amazing labor of love and a symbol of one man’s passion and fascination with castles. It was here that Harry Andrews pursued his dream to design and build a chateau of his own, taking fifty years to complete.

As I entered the estate, there was a beautiful tribute to Mr. Andrews and photographs that journaled his progress in the building of his beloved home.

I was welcomed by Larry Crachting, one of the Knights of the Golden Trail, a society founded by Andrews and a group of his friends. He reminisced about Harry and his heart for the local boy scout organization as well as his life and passions. It was no surprise that the KOGT continues on through its current members preserving a piece of Cincinnati history. Allowing visitors to tour the castle is a wonderful way to carry on the memory of Mr. Andrews and his Chateau La Roche.

I began my self-guided tour of the castle starting in the dungeon. The tight curved stairway leading to the bottom of the ground floor felt eerily familiar to other dark stone buildings I had visited before. I took a quick moment to look over my shoulder to make sure the door had not closed behind me. As I entered the open room with a prison at the far end, I noticed the “wild man” lurking behind the barred door and then exited the same stairs bringing me back to the main floor.

I climbed a second set of stairs to the living quarters which was much more specious and open. A long wooden table with chairs filled the room as a meeting place for the members of the Knights of the Golden Trail. Hanging from the wall was each knight’s coat of arms, representing their heritage and ancestry. I imagined the knights would meet here to discuss their next item of business or maybe their next battle strategy.

I was fascinated by the structural details of the castle. The arches as well as the stone layers give the architecture an added depth to its interior. Crevices and storage areas in Harry’s room displayed additional items such as personal photos, paintings and artifacts. The extension of the balcony provided a scenic view overlooking the Little Miami River, while the tiered gardens could be seen from the upper terrace.

One of my favorite rooms in the castle was Mr. Andrews’ bedroom which reminded me of a tower with its domed ceiling. The room is blocked off, but one can clearly see the fireplace, hearth and medieval painting on display. Harry Andrews mentioned in one of his documentary videos that his colleagues did not believe that he would be successful in creating the dome, but obviously he proved them wrong.

Leaving Harry’s room, a corner display showcased two suits of armor while the hall was lit by a spectacular light fixture.

Looking closely at the stone in the wall, large rocks had been labeled with locations from all over the world. I also noticed a listing of the ten commandments as well as more suits of armor.

I was just wrapping up my tour of the interior of the castle when I happened upon a room with a looped video on display. Three documentaries provided additional information about Harry Andrews and Chateau Laroche. My favorite film was a clip of Harry which captured his sassy sense of humor, his vibrant personality and passion for his castle and organization.

I learned from the video that the castle was based on various fortifications that Andrews once visited after serving in the war in Europe. Sitting on only one acre of land, Chateau Laroche has 31 rooms, 88 battlements and 4 towers that stand 38 feet tall. The sandstones used to create his castle came from the creek bed of the Little Miami River within walking distance of the chateau. Additional blocks of concrete were made by Harry to complete the project when he had run out of useful sandstone.

It was his education at Colgate College in 1916 that ignited a love for the medieval castle as he studied Greek, Roman and Egyptian architecture.

After watching the documentaries, I strolled past the rooftop and realized it was not open to the public. It was quite noticeable that the structure was not stable, blocked off only to be seen through a wrought-iron door.

I was looking forward to exploring the grounds of the chateau and began making my way to the ground floor. I was impressed with the beautiful arches that led to the garden, which seemed to radiate with a golden glow from the sunlight.

A walk through the gardens felt as though I was visiting an authentic medieval castle and its grounds. The three terraces were adorned with potted plants and rose bushes which were wonderfully fragrant.

Found in unexpected places are private gardens of solitude with elegantly simple arbors. These modest gathering areas are perfect for taking some time to enjoy the outdoors and admire the scenery of the chateau.

I had completed my tour of Chateau Laroche and was touched by the dedication of Harry Andrews to complete his fabulous masterpiece. It is estimated that he gave 22,000 hours of his life to creating this castle, responsible for 95% of its construction. Over 2500 bags of cement, in addition to the sandstone, were used to build the fortification.

Harry himself was considered a medical marvel having survived meningitis while serving in the military. There is an absolutely fascinating story about his recovery that can be seen at the chateau.

If there was ever one who knew his calling in life, it was Harry Andrews. Watching older videos of Mr. Andrews, I felt a sense of appreciation for his passion for castles and for bringing about an organization dedicated to “doing good”. The Knights of the Golden Trail continue to this day with approximately 60 members who have adopted the legacy that Harry has left to them and his wishes to maintain the castle. Who could have ever imagined that a man, once pronounced dead, would come back from the dead to finish his life’s purpose?

Have you had the opportunity to visit Chateau Laroche and learn about the extraordinary life of Henry Andrews? I would love to hear about your experience if you would kindly leave a message in the comments section below! Many Thanks and Happy Travels!

What to See and What to Do:

Chateau Laroche
12025 Shore Drive
Loveland, OH
Telephone: 513 683 4686

Admission Fee: $5 per person, children 4 and under are admitted free of charge.
Hours: Daily from 11AM to 5PM; April 1st to September 30th open everyday including holidays; October 1st to March 31st open everyday, closed on holidays
Amenities: Site Rental, picnicking, games and puzzles, ghost tours, gardens, video
Scenic View: Views from the castle overlook the property and gardens.
Length of Visit: 1 – 2 hours
Tips for Your Visit: Maximum of 40 parking spaces available. The restroom upstairs is closed to visitors.

Where to Stay:

TownePlace Suites by Marriott Cincinnati Northeast Mason
9369 Waterstone Blvd.
Cincinnati, OH 45249
Telephone: 513 774 0610

Where to Eat:

Paxton’s Grill
126 W. Loveland Avenue
Loveland, OH 45140
Telephone: 513 285 8147

The Caesar Salad with Blackened Grouper and a bowl of Hungarian mushroom soup was the perfect lunch combo!

Gettysburg National Military Park – The Final Day of Battle

6 November 202122 September 2024

The Battle of Gettysburg commenced at 4:30 AM on Culp’s Hill beginning its third day of conflict. Union troops opened fire on Confederates as they began their climb up the hill. General Lee’s strategy was to come in from the east and the south, but he also knew that if they were going to succeed, they would need to fight against the Union center on Cemetery Ridge. Two hours of the most intense fighting ever recorded in North American history took place between 1 to 3 PM.

General George Pickett’s men were the last to arrive from Virginia. The Confederate soldiers were exhausted and additional support was a welcome sight. Once artillery fire began to slow down, 12,500 Confederate soldiers marched three quarters of a mile through open fields during the heat of the day. It was 3:30 in the afternoon and this advance would be known as Pickett’s Charge.

It was the last opportunity for the rebels to defeat the Union, but the outcome was unsuccessful. By the end of the night, they found themselves in the same location where they had started earlier that day. Over seven thousand Confederates had perished that day and the Union army had lost around three thousand men. General Lee determined it was time to retreat.

Fighting ceases around 6 PM as a result of a costly defeat to the Confederates. In total it was estimated that there were nearly 30,000 casualties on both sides. Lee’s only resort was to retreat back to Virginia across the Potomac River.

“High Water Mark: Late in the afternoon after a two-hour cannonade some 7,000 Union soldiers posted around The Copse of Trees, The Angle and the Brian Barn repulsed the bulk of the 12,000 – man “Pickett’s Charge” against the Federal center. This was the climactic moment of the battle. On July 4, Lee’s army began retreating. Total casualties (killed, wounded captured and missing) for the three days of fighting were 23,000 for the Union army and as many as 28,000 for the Confederate army.”

The American Civil War would finally end on May 9^th, 1865.

Abraham Lincoln gave his famous Gettysburg Address at the Gettysburg National Cemetery (formerly known as the Soldiers’ National Cemetery) on November 19, 1863. This location is the resting place for over 3,500 Union soldiers killed at the Battle of Gettysburg.

“National Cemetery: This was the setting for Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, delivered at the cemetery’s dedication on November 19, 1863.”

It has been said that the Battle of Gettysburg was one of the most costly. The number of casualties were more than all previous American wars combined. The remains of human and animal carcasses were strewn across the battlefield in the hot July sun. This did not include the approximate 23,000 Union casualties that were being treated in the little town of Gettysburg. It devastated this town with a population of only 2400.

Thousands of visitors pass through the battlefield on an annual basis to relive the history that gave the United States its unity, a nation with “a new birth of freedom”.

Have you visited Gettysburg National Military Park or the Gettysburg National Cemetery? I would love to hear about your experience if you would kindly leave a message in the comments section below. Many thanks for following my visit to Gettysburg and wishing you many Happy Travels.

Local Attraction:

Gettysburg National Military Park Museum and Visitor Center
1195 Baltimore Pike
Gettysburg, PA 17325
Telephone: 717 334 1124

Admission Fee: There is no fee charged to enter the Visitor’s center and museum, but there are fees associated with additional activities provided by the park. All activities are free to children ages 5 and under. To view the 45 minute film narrated by Morgan Freeman, there is a $15 charge for adults (ages 13+) and $10 for children ages 6 – 12. The museum only experience: $9 for adults (ages 13+), $7 for children ages 6 – 12. Guided Bus Tour of the Battlefield: $35 for adults (ages 13+), $21 for children ages 6 – 12; Eisenhower National Historic Site Tour: $9 for adults (ages 13+), $5 for children ages 6 – 12; The David Wills House: $7 for adults (ages 13+), $4 for children ages 6 – 12; NOTE: Tours of the house are free from June 9 – December 31, 2018. The George Spangler Farm Civil War Field Hospital (open only in summer): $6 for adults (ages 13+), $2 for children ages 6 – 12. Visit the website for additional tours which may be available during your visit.
Hours: Park grounds and roads: April 1 – October 31, open from 6 AM to 10 PM; November 1 – March 31, open from 6 AM to 7 PM. The museum is open daily from 9 AM to 5 PM yet closed on Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, New Year’s Day and early closure on Christmas Eve – 2 PM. The Soldier’s National Cemetery is open from dawn to dusk. Gettysburg Lincoln Railroad Station: November – February: Closed with the exception of holiday dates (see website); March – May open from 10 AM to 5 PM Friday, Saturday and Sunday only; Memorial Day – Labor Day: 10 AM to 5 PM daily; September – October 10 AM to 5 PM Friday, Saturday and Sunday only.
Amenities: Several tour options, movie at theater, audio guide for scenic drive, hiking, historical reinactments, horseback riding, ranger programs, living history programs and virtual tours and lodging at Bushman House
Scenic View: Spectacular views from Little Round Top and observation towers.
Length of Visit: 2 – 3 hours or more if you have booked multiple tours.
Tips for Your Visit: Booking a tour is one of the best ways to explore Gettysburg National Military Park. During the auto tour, there are very few restrooms and picnic areas along the route. There are also no restaurants along the tour, so pack some snacks and water. Remember that the park is located on hallowed ground and you are asked to treat it with respect.

What to See and What to Do:

Brickhouse Inn Bed & Breakfast
452 Baltimore Street
Gettysburg, PA 17325
Telephone: 717 338 9337

Located in downtown historic Gettysburg, the B&B is within walking distance to shops, restaurants and museums and nearby Culp’s Hill and the Soldier’s Cemetery.

Where to Eat:

Dobbin House
89 Steinwehr Avenue
Gettysburg, PA 17325
Telephone: 717 334 2100

Gettysburg’s oldest and most historic home, the Dobbin House offers an exceptional dining experience as guests are served by wait staff dressed in period costume.

I started with the shrimp cocktail, served with traditional cocktail sauce. For my main course, I was drawn to the broiled filet mignon and added a Maryland crabcake to my order.

Gettysburg National Military Park – The Second Day of Battle

30 October 202122 September 2024

The second day of The Battle of Gettysburg conflict began with General Lee’s army forming his battle line along Seminary Ridge. Major General George Meade had arrived at 1AM on July 2, 1863 meeting up with the forces that occupied Culp’s Hill and Cemetery Hill along Cemetery Ridge. Meade was expecting an army of eighty thousand men who were not far behind.

“North Carolina Memorial: Early in the day, the Confederate army positioned itself on high ground here along Seminary Ridge, through town and north of Cemetery and Culp’s Hills. Union forces occupied Culp’s and Cemetery hills and along Cemetery Ridge south to the Round tops, The lines of both armies formed two parallel “fishhooks”.” – The Auto Trail

The Virginia Memorial marks the location where the second day of battle took place. Meade was prepared for Day 2 of the battle and had lined up cannons from Cemetery Hill stretching all the way towards Little Round Top. While General Lee discussed his aim of attack with his commanders, this gave the Union plenty of time to prepare and Union troops under General Dan Sickles, moved to the area known as Devil’s Den. General Lee launched an attack on the Union around 4PM, the fighting escalated at Culp’s Hill and Cemetery Hill and Meade was calling for more troops because Little Round Top was totally unprotected. Although there were many casualties, the Union was able to hold their stance, ending Day 2 of the battle.

“Virginia Memorial: The large open field to the east is where the last Confederate assault of the battle known as “Pickett’s Charge”, occurred July 3^rd.” – The Auto Tour

Several notable locations on the auto tour overlap the days of battle but are quite significant to the story.

Pitzer Woods: In the afternoon of July 2^nd, Lt. General James Longstreet placed his Confederate troops along Warfield Ridge anchoring the left of Pitzer Woods”. – The Auto Tour

Shortly after passing through Pitzer Woods is an observation tower that provides exceptional views of The Peach Orchard and Eisenhower’s Rose Farm. He purchased the 189-acre farm in 1950. Once he became President, he raised Angus on the property and it became his sanctuary away from the Oval Office. After completing two terms in office, Eisenhower and his wife made the farm their permanent home until his death in 1969.

“Warfield Ridge: Longstreet’s assaults began here at 4PM. They were directed against Union troops occupying Devil’s Den the Wheatfield, and Peach Orchard, against Meade’s undefended left flank at The Round Tops.” – The Auto Tour

The road begins to take a northeasterly direction. Before reaching Little Round Top, there is a hike with several memorials and monuments. I enjoyed taking a break from the auto tour and enjoying the outdoors.

Coming upon Little Round Top, a placard clearly marks the battle site. This location was a significant hill occupied by the Union forces.

“ Little Round Top: Quick action by Brig. Gen. Governor K. Warren, Meade’s chief engineer, alerted Union officers to the Confederate threat and brought Federal reinforcements to defend this position.” – The Auto Tour

Continuing the drive along Sykes Avenue and the road reaches large open field known as The Wheatfield and The Peach Orchard. On the second day of battle, brutal fighting stormed through Little Round Top, Wheatfield and Sherfy’s Peach Orchard. The Union soldiers continued to hold their lines.

“The Wheatfield: Charge and countercharge left this field and the nearby woods strewn with over 4,000 dead and wounded.” – The Auto Tour

“The Peach Orchard: The Union line extended from Devil’s Den to here on Emmitsburg Road. Federal cannon bombarded Southern forces across the Rose Farm toward the Wheatfield until about 6:30PM, when Confederate attacks overran this position.” – The Auto Tour

United States Avenue passes the Plum Run Valley. The fighting eventually reached Plum Run, which later became known as the “Valley of Death”.

“Plum Run: While fighting raged to the south at the Wheatfield and Little Round Top, retreating Union soldiers crossed this ground on their way from the Peach Orchard to Cemetery Ridge.” – The Auto Tour

United States Avenue dead ends into Hancock Avenue on the left and Sedgewick Avenue towards the right. Making a sharp left, the Pennsylvania Monument comes into view.

“Pennsylvania Monument: Union artillery held the line alone here on Cemetery Ridge late in the day as Meade called for infantry from Culp’s Hill and other areas to strengthen and hold the center of the Union position.” – The Auto Tour

At Culp’s Hill, there is an observational tower before reaching East Cemetery Hill.

“East Cemetery Hill: At dusk, Union forces repelled a Confederate assault that reached the crest of the hill. By day’s end, both flanks of the Union army had been attacked and both had held, despite losing ground. In a council of war, Meade, anticipating an assault on the center of his line, determined that his army would stay and fight.” – The Auto Tour

As fighting continued throughout the day, the Union army traveled further south and west towards Devil’s Den. By the end of the day, the Wheat Field was strewn with corpses and the battle ended in a stalemate.

This would end the second day of battle, July 3, 1863.

Are you familiar with the Battle of Gettysburg? Have you visited the National Military Park? I would love to hear about your time spent in Gettysburg and what you found most interesting if you would kindly leave a message in the comments section below. Many thanks for following my drive through the Gettysburg National Military Park and wishing you many Happy Travels!

What to See and What to Do:

Gettysburg National Military Park Museum and Visitor Center
1195 Baltimore Pike
Gettysburg, PA 17325
Telephone: 717 334 1124

Admission Fee: There is no fee charged to enter the Visitor’s center and museum, but there are fees associated with additional activities provided by the park. All activities are free to children ages 5 and under. To view the 45 minute film narrated by Morgan Freeman, there is a $15 charge for adults (ages 13+) and $10 for children ages 6 – 12. The museum only experience: $9 for adults (ages 13+), $7 for children ages 6 – 12. Guided Bus Tour of the Battlefield: $35 for adults (ages 13+), $21 for children ages 6 – 12; Eisenhower National Historic Site Tour: $9 for adults (ages 13+), $5 for children ages 6 – 12; The David Wills House: $7 for adults (ages 13+), $4 for children ages 6 – 12; NOTE: Tours of the house are free from June 9 – December 31, 2018. The George Spangler Farm Civil War Field Hospital (open only in summer): $6 for adults (ages 13+), $2 for children ages 6 – 12. Visit the website for additional tours which may be available during your visit.
Hours: Park grounds and roads: April 1 – October 31, open from 6 AM to 10 PM; November 1 – March 31, open from 6 AM to 7 PM. The museum is open daily from 9 AM to 5 PM yet closed on Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, New Year’s Day and early closure on Christmas Eve – 2 PM. The Soldier’s National Cemetery is open from dawn to dusk. Gettysburg Lincoln Railroad Station: November – February: Closed with the exception of holiday dates (see website); March – May open from 10 AM to 5 PM Friday, Saturday and Sunday only; Memorial Day – Labor Day: 10 AM to 5 PM daily; September – October 10 AM to 5 PM Friday, Saturday and Sunday only.
Amenities: Several tour options, movie at theater, audio guide for scenic drive, hiking, historical reinactments, horseback riding, ranger programs, living history programs and virtual tours and lodging at Bushman House
Scenic View: Spectacular views from Little Round Top and observation towers.
Length of Visit: 2 – 3 hours or more if you have booked multiple tours.
Tips for Your Visit: Booking a tour is one of the best ways to explore Gettysburg National Military Park. During the auto tour, there are very few restrooms and picnic areas along the route. There are also no restaurants along the tour, so pack some snacks and water. Remember that the park is located on hallowed ground and you are asked to treat it with respect.

Where to Stay:

Brickhouse Inn Bed & Breakfast
452 Baltimore Street
Gettysburg, PA 17325
Telephone: 717 338 9337

Located in downtown historic Gettysburg, the B&B is within walking distance to shops, restaurants and museums and nearby Culp’s Hill and the Soldier’s Cemetery.

Where to Eat:

Dobbin House
89 Steinwehr Avenue
Gettysburg, PA 17325
Telephone: 717 334 2100

Gettysburg’s oldest and most historic home, the Dobbin House offers an exceptional dining experience as guests are served by wait staff dressed in period costume.

I started with the shrimp cocktail, served with traditional cocktail sauce. For my main course, I was drawn to the broiled filet mignon and added a Maryland crabcake to my order.

Continuing Along the Gettysburg Memorial Drive

The Eisenhower Farm

The View from Observation Tower 2

The Insignia on a Monument from one of the Hikes

Spectacular Scenery at Little Round Top, Gettysburg

Looking out onto the Gettysburg Battlefield from Little Round Top

Gettysburg National Military Park – The First Day of Battle

23 October 202122 September 2024

With over two million annual visitors exploring Gettysburg National Military Park each year, I was surprised to learn that it is the most visited battlefield in the United States. Referred to as the “Turning Point of the Civil War”, the Battle at Gettysburg was the most costliest battle in regards to the lives lost at war and took place over a short period from July 1^st through July 4^thin 1863.

The Gettysburg National Military Park was formed in 1895 on the land where the battle was fought as a memorial to honor the Confederate and Union soldiers. Located in southeast Pennsylvania, the park’s highlight is the 24-miles auto tour which covers the notable events that occurred throughout the conflict. The tour begins at the Visitor’s Center and takes about three hours to complete with sixteen stops along the route.

Major battles had already been fought during the Civil War when The Battle of Gettysburg commenced. Confederate troops marched towards Gettysburg along Chambersburg Pike. Union officer Marcellus Jones would fire the first shot in the bloody battle of Gettysburg, signifying the start of the war.

By 10 AM, Major General John F. Reynolds of the Union Army and his famous “Iron Brigade” arrived at McPherson Ridge, but Reynolds was killed shortly thereafter suffering a gunshot wound to the head. It was a huge loss for the Union as Reynolds was one of their most experienced leaders. Reynolds’ men placed his body under a tree which is marked today by a monument on the spot where the general fell. By the afternoon, a full battle had engaged.

“McPherson Ridge: The Battle of Gettysburg began at about 8 a.m. to the west beyond the McPherson Barn as Union cavalry confronted Confederate Infantry advancing east along Chambersburg Pike. Heavy fighting spread north and south along this ridgeline as additional forces from both sides arrived.” –The Auto Tour

On the first day of the conflict, Brigadier General, John Buford of the Union, reinforced three ridges on the west of town in preparation of Confederate General Lee’s attack. Buford was awaiting the support of additional infantrymen when he was attacked by Lee from the North and Northwest as the Union soldiers quickly retreated to the south. McPherson Ridge was one of those ridges.

Gettysburg, Pennsylvania became the meeting point between the Union and Confederate Soldiers. General Lee’s intentions were to draw the Union troops so that he could fight and destroy them.

“The Eternal Light Peace Memorial: At 1 PM Major General Robert E. Rodes’ Confederates attacked from this hill, threatening Union forces on McPherson and Oak Ridges. Seventy-five years later, over 1,800 Civil War veterans helped dedicate this memorial to ‘Peace Eternal in a National United’.” – The Auto Tour

Along Oak Ridge, Major General Robert E. Rodes attacked the Union around 2PM. A large number of casualties resulted in the assault.

“Oak Ridge: Union soldiers held stubbornly against Rodes’s advance. By 3:30 p.m., however, the entire Union line from here to McPherson Ridge had begun to crumble, finally falling back to Cemetery Hill. When the first day ended, the Confederates held the upper hand. Lee decided to continue the offensive, pitting his 70,000 men army against Meade’s Union army of 93,000.” – The Auto Tour

The Battle at Gettysburg’s first day of conflict ranked as the 23^rd largest battle of the Civil War according to the number of troops engaged. There were 22,000 men engaged under General Meade and 27,000 under the command of General Lee. The northern troops estimated ten thousand men who were killed or captured while eight thousand were lost in the south. The Union forces held their own from Cemetery Hill to Little Round Top as the fighting commenced overnight, ending Day One of the war.

Are you interested in the events that took place during the Civil War? Do you enjoy American History? I would love to hear about your visit to Gettysburg or recommendations for additional battle sites in the US if you would kindly leave a message in the comments section below. Many thanks for reading about my visit to Gettysburg! Check out more Gettysburg with my upcoming posts covering Days Two and Three of the conflict. Wishing you many Happy Travels!

What to See and What to Do:

Gettysburg National Military Park Museum and Visitor Center
1195 Baltimore Pike
Gettysburg, PA 17325
Telephone: 717 334 1124

Admission Fee: There is no fee charged to enter the Visitor’s center and museum, but there are fees associated with additional activities provided by the park. All activities are free to children ages 5 and under. To view the 45 minute film narrated by Morgan Freeman, there is a $15 charge for adults (ages 13+) and $10 for children ages 6 – 12. The museum only experience: $9 for adults (ages 13+), $7 for children ages 6 – 12. Guided Bus Tour of the Battlefield: $35 for adults (ages 13+), $21 for children ages 6 – 12; Eisenhower National Historic Site Tour: $9 for adults (ages 13+), $5 for children ages 6 – 12; The David Wills House: $7 for adults (ages 13+), $4 for children ages 6 – 12; NOTE: Tours of the house are free from June 9 – December 31, 2018. The George Spangler Farm Civil War Field Hospital (open only in summer): $6 for adults (ages 13+), $2 for children ages 6 – 12. Visit the website for additional tours which may be available during your visit.
Hours: Park grounds and roads: April 1 – October 31, open from 6 AM to 10 PM; November 1 – March 31, open from 6 AM to 7 PM. The museum is open daily from 9 AM to 5 PM yet closed on Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, New Year’s Day and early closure on Christmas Eve – 2 PM. The Soldier’s National Cemetery is open from dawn to dusk. Gettysburg Lincoln Railroad Station: November – February: Closed with the exception of holiday dates (see website); March – May open from 10 AM to 5 PM Friday, Saturday and Sunday only; Memorial Day – Labor Day: 10 AM to 5 PM daily; September – October 10 AM to 5 PM Friday, Saturday and Sunday only.
Amenities: Several tour options, movie at theater, audio guide for scenic drive, hiking, historical reinactments, horseback riding, ranger programs, living history programs and virtual tours and lodging at Bushman House
Scenic View: Spectacular views from Little Round Top and observation towers.
Length of Visit: 2 – 3 hours or more if you have booked multiple tours.
Tips for Your Visit: Booking a tour is one of the best ways to explore Gettysburg National Military Park. During the auto tour, there are very few restrooms and picnic areas along the route. There are also no restaurants along the tour, so pack some snacks and water. Remember that the park is located on hallowed ground and you are asked to treat it with respect.

Where to Stay:

Brickhouse Inn Bed & Breakfast
452 Baltimore Street
Gettysburg, PA 17325
Telephone: 717 338 9337

Located in downtown historic Gettysburg, the B&B is within walking distance to shops, restaurants and museums and nearby Culp’s Hill and the Soldier’s Cemetery.

Where to Eat:

Dobbin House
89 Steinwehr Avenue
Gettysburg, PA 17325
Telephone: 717 334 2100

Gettysburg’s oldest and most historic home, the Dobbin House offers an exceptional dining experience as guests are served by wait staff dressed in period costume.

I started with the shrimp cocktail, served with traditional cocktail sauce. For my main course, I was drawn to the broiled filet mignon and added a Maryland crabcake to my order.

The Pennsylvania Calvary Monument

Cannons and Fencing at Gettysburg National Military Park

Looking out into the Gettysburg Battlefield

Gettysburg Canon

Spectacular View from Gettysburg Battlefield

One of the Homes in the Middle of the Gettysburg Battlefield

Gettysburg Auto Tour Sign

The Goth Pennsylvania Infantry Monument

Ship’s Ahoy! Pirate Boat Shore Excursion, Antigua

17 November 201531 August 2024

Cruising through the Caribbean, I finally reached the island of Antigua. Known for its beautiful beaches, historical forts and dockyard as well as its natural landscape, I was interested in purchasing the “Best of Antigua” excursion. Unfortunately, it was sold out. With limited options available from the ship, I decided to board a local Pirate Cruise for the afternoon which included a stop at the beach with drinks included.

Announcements were made for passengers holding tickets for the ship’s excursions to make their way to the meeting area prior to leaving. Crowds of passengers headed down towards the dock where we awaited the arrival of the pirate vessel. According to the literature, this tall ship was used in the filming of “Pirates of the Caribbean”, which made the experience even more exciting. Anyone up for a sword fight against Jack Sparrow?

We boarded the Black Swan and checked out its main deck and masts as well as the Jolly Roger flag. The crew gave us a safety presentation followed by an overview of the parts of a pirate ship. We learned how pirates would circumnavigate the Caribbean in search of trade ships to plunder as we sailed the open waters.

The small white caps of the waves were proof of a calm, gentle sailing. It was the perfect ship to shore experience. The informational session continued as we coasted towards Deep Bay beach. We would have an hour and a half to explore the coast by hiking the trail towards Fort Barrington on Goat Hill or take the opportunity to sunbathe.

The craggy rocks would have made sailing these waters dangerous for both merchants and pirates. The outcroppings and coves would have been the perfect protection for pirates surviving the islands, raiding merchants ships and stealing their cargo.

Cruising through the passageway we noticed a stone fort perched upon the hill. Just as we were passing by, the sound of cannons boomed from the mound and pirates threatened to board our ship. So the battle began.

The reenactment between the pirates on the island lasted about 10 to 15 minutes. It was just enough time to bring us to the beach where we hopped off for some fun in the sun.

We safely approached the bay and were greeted by other sailboats and pontoons in a beautiful harbor setting.

We were tendered off of the pirate ship to the beautiful sandy beach of Deep Bay. From here, we climbed the trail towards the fort in search of buried treasure taking in the stunning coastline of the harbor. It was a short hike and I had some extra time to enjoy the surf and sand.

The clouds began to roll in protecting us from the heat of the day. The water was crystal clear and the perfect temperature for a short swim. In the distance, sailboats were anchored off shore providing a picture perfect view and the salty air was the best therapy I could have ever imagined.

On our return, we indulged in the unlimited, free Pirate Punch provided by the pirate ship crew. We enjoyed the music and dancing as we tried on our pirate headgear looking fierce and ready for a take-down. The brave ones were challenged with the opportunity to “steer” the boat while the rest of us relaxed, sipping on pirate juice.

We arrived at the dock with about an hour remaining. I had time to stop by The Island Beehive, a popular bar for cruise ship passengers that specialized in fruity cocktails and people watching. Shops surrounding the square filled with tourists shopping for local deals while Antiguans were dancing in the streets, entertaining us with their local zydeco music.

It was finally time to stroll back to the ship where I could see a pier off into the distance. I was happy to have the short visit, but as always, cruising reminds me of my former life as a cruise ship purse. Always a great time with the friends I made from one ship to the next. How I miss those laid-back, worry-free days.

The cruise ship was within sight and I had plenty of time before departure. I couldn’t help but think back to my days at sea when I would return to a port each week, but unfortunately those days were gone. I learned so much from my work with the cruise lines, such as the island culture and its history. I always look forward to an island cruise to reminisce about those irreplaceable memories.

Have you had the opportunity to visit Antigua/Barbuda? Did you arrive by cruise ship or stay for an extended period of time? I would love to hear about the places you visited, the restaurants where you dined and the memories that you made if you would kindly leave a message in the comments section below. Thank you for taking the time to read about my experience in Antigua and wishing you many Happy Travels!

What to See and What to Do:

Black Swan: This excursion was booked through the cruise line.

Where to Stay:

Cocobay Antigua
Hughes Point
St. Phillips, Antigua, West Indies
Telephone: 268 736 8000

Where to Eat:

Sheer Rocks at Cocobay Resort
Ffryes Beach, Valley Road
St. Mary’s, Antigua, West Indies
Telephone: 268 463 6161

We started with the Seafood Risotto, Pan Roasted Grouper and a glass of Muscadet Sevre et Maine. Saving room for dessert, we ordered the Banana and Rum Cake as well as the Passion Fruit Mousse. The meal was spectacular!

What to Eat:

Antiguan black pineapple is sweeter than the traditional pineapple and lower acidity.
Antiguan butter bread – a staple bread in Antigua
Ducana is dumpling filled with sweet potato, grated coconut, sugar and spices and placed between banana leaves. This delicious appetizer is either fried or boiled.
Fungee and Pepperpot Stew is a hearty stew with meat and vegetables that is simmered for hours; paired with a cornmeal and okra based bread for dipping
Saltfish, an abundant seafood of the island.

What to Read:

Books by Jamaica Kincaid
Sailing for Home, Theo Dorgan
Journeycakes: Memories with My Antiguan Mama by Monica Matthew

Photo Guide for Antigua and Barbuda:

The colorful port of St. John, best taken from the end of the fishing pier
View of the English Harbor from Shirley Heights
Galley Bay, the island’s most popular beach
The white sands of Ffryes Beach
Half Moon Bay, Antigua
Pink Sand Beach of Barbuda
Betty’s Hope Historic Sugar Plantation
Fort James
Nelson’s Dockyard
Sunset from Jolly Beach and Jolly Harbour, best seen from helicopter
Red telephone booth at Dickensen Bay at Antigua
The Causeway in English Harbour, Antigua

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